Abstract
Introduction
Patients treated for malignancy are considered at risk of severe COVID-19. This exceptional pandemic has affected countries on every level, particularly health systems which are experiencing saturation. Like many countries, France is currently greatly exposed, and a complete reorganization of hospitals is ongoing. We propose here adaptations of diagnostic procedures, therapies and care strategies for patients treated for digestive cancer during the COVID-19 epidemic.
Methods
French societies of gastroenterology and gastrointestinal (GI) oncology carried out this study to answer two main questions that have arisen (i) how can we limit high-risk situations for GI-cancer patients and (ii) how can we limit contact between patients and care centers to decrease patients’ risk of contamination while continuing to treat their cancer. All recommendations are graded as experts’ agreement according to the level of evidence found in the literature until March 2020.
Results
A proposal to adapt treatment strategies was made for the main GI oncology situations. Considering the level of evidence and the heterogeneous progression of the COVID-19 epidemic, all proposals need to be considered by a multidisciplinary team and implemented with patient consent.
Conclusion
COVID-19 epidemic may significantly affect patients treated for digestive malignancies. Healthcare teams need to consider adapting treatment sequences when feasible and according to the epidemic situation.
Keywords
1. Introduction
The current coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) (COVID-19) epidemic is an exceptional situation. It requires us to rethink our practices in digestive oncology and raises many questions:
- •Should common practices be changed for the next few weeks?
- •What practical recommendations can be made based on the literature and the experience of Chinese teams?
- •Is COVID-19 infection different from other viral infections with pulmonary tropism?
The scientific answer to these questions is not yet fully known. However, a study published in 2019, before the appearance of COVID-19, retrospectively evaluated 1503 cases of viral pneumonia admitted to the emergency medicine department of a Korean hospital between 2010 and 2015. Altogether, 9.4% of cases were due to a Coronavirus. Patients with cancer were not more likely than other patients to have a Coronavirus infection. The distribution of the different types of viruses was not influenced by the presence of cancer. In contrast, among patients infected with a Coronavirus, the 30-day mortality rate was significantly higher in those with cancer (24.4% versus 3.0%, p <0.001) [
[1]
]. In this study, the risk factors for death at 30 days at multivariate analysis were: age over 65 years (OR 1.661; 95% CI: 1.062-2.598, p = 0.026), viral and bacterial co-infection (OR 1.609; 95% CI: 1.045-2.478, p = 0.031), the presence of cancer (OR 2.257; 95% CI: 1.499-3.400, p = 0.001) and initial shock (OR 2.121; 95% CI: 1.028-4.373, p = 0.042).Coronavirus pulmonary infection was thus a serious event in cancer patients, with a 25% risk of death at 30 days in those with severe forms of the infection. In two large published series of 99 and 201 cases of pneumonitis with biological evidence of COVID-19, there were only two cancer patients [
[2]
, [3]
.In the Chinese prospective database of patients with proven COVID-19 (n=2007) from 31 provinces, 417 were excluded due to insufficient clinical history data. Among the 1590 analyzed cases, 1% (18 patients) had a personal history of cancer. This figure was higher than the number expected in the Chinese population (0.29%) suggesting that the infection could be more common in subjects with a personal history of cancer. Results also highlighted that a severe infection was more frequent in patients with a history of cancer than in those without cancer (7/18 or 39% versus 124/1572 or 8%, p = 0.0003). Moreover, in cases with surgery or chemotherapy in the preceding month, the infection was severe in 3 out of 4 cases (75%), representing a relative risk of 5.34 (95% CI 1.80–16.18, p = 0.0026) as compared to others [
[4]
]. However, this study had several limitations, including the size and characteristics of the study population corresponding to 18 patients classified in the cancer group but with 9 of them with a history of cancer dating back more than 4 years.However, due to the absence of other reports to date, we have to consider that severe COVID 19 leading to patients’ death will be more frequent in subjects suffering from cancer. Finally, due to frequent limitations in health care resources during rapidly growing epidemics, cancer patients, especially those with metastatic diseases treated by palliative systemic treatments, may not have access to intensive care units in case of severe COVID 19 infections [
[5]
]. In this context, the aim is to discuss the adaptations of therapies and/or strategies for patients treated for a gastrointestinal cancer (GI). Moreover, considering the mechanisms of COVID-19 transmission, the main modifications of pathology and endoscopy procedures have been also discussed.- Spinelli A.
- Pellino G.
COVID-19 pandemic: perspectives on an unfolding crisis.
Br J Surg. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.11627
2. Methods
2.1 Formulation of the questions
The method was based on recent Chinese articles suggesting a modification of practices with the following two main objectives [
6
, 7
, - Luo Y.
- Zhong M.
Standardized diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer during the outbreak of novel coronavirus pneumonia in Renji hospital.
Zhonghua Wei Chang Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2020 Feb 22; 23: E003https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn441530-20200217-00057
8
].- Chen Y.H.
- Peng J.S.
Treatment strategy for gastrointestinal tumor under the outbreak of novel coronavirus pneumonia in China.
Zhonghua Wei Chang Wai Ke Za Zhi. 25 Feb 2020; 23 (I–IV)https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.1671-0274.2020.02.001
- •Limit very high-risk situations: surgery and intensive chemotherapy
- •Limit patients’ exposure to the SARS-Cov-2 and particularly in care centers
The multidisciplinary proposals are presented in the form of a table (see Table 1, Table 2) reporting therapeutic adaptations listed organ by organ. The proposals are guided by the two objectives above, and take into account the possibility of limited access to technical platforms. Of note, the adaptations of surgical procedures in digestive oncology have also been reviewed, discussed, detailed and published by a group of French surgeons. However, their proposals will not be detailed in the present paper [
[9]
].- Tuech J.J.
- Gangloff A.
- DI Fiore F.
- Michel P.
- Brigand C.
- Slim K.
- et al.
Strategy for the practice of digestive and oncologic surgery in COVID 19 epidemic.
J Visc Surg. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviscsurg.2020.03.008
Table 1Grading system used for these recommendations.
| Grade | Corresponding level of evidence |
|---|---|
| A | Strong recommendation based for example on a high-powered randomized comparative trial (s), a meta-analysis of randomized comparative trials, or an analysis of decision based on well-conducted studies. |
| B | Recommendation based on a scientific presumption from low-power randomized controlled trials, well-conducted non-randomized comparative studies or cohort studies. |
| C | Recommendation based on a low level of evidence from case-control studies, comparative studies with significant biases, retrospective studies, case series, descriptive epidemiological studies (transverse, longitudinal). |
| Expert Agreement or Opinion | Recommendation based on an expert agreement or an expert opinion in the absence of sufficient data from the literature |
Lastly, we also suggest an adaptation of surveillance in two distinct situations: during treatment and post-therapy.
Data on COVID-19 are still too fragmentary to allow robust conclusions. The recommendations are therefore pragmatic with a low level of evidence and based solely on agreement or expert advice.
2.2 Methodology
The current coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemic is an exceptional health situation that has prompted the French-speaking Federation of Digestive Cancerology (FFCD) to react quickly. The text is based on data from the literature and experience in China.
The text was first reviewed by the members of the FFCD board during an audio conference on March 16, 2020 and was validated by members of the Steering Committee (COPIL) and the heads of the various sections of our national guidelines group (TNCD) on March 23, 2020. All scientific societies involved in digestive oncology, namely SNFGE, GERCOR, UNICANCER, SFCD, SFED, SFRO, SFR, ACHBT and also GTE-RENATEN and NETSARC for neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), contributed to the discussion. Modifications concerning hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangio-carcinomas were discussed with experts from the AFEF (French Association for the Study of the Liver). The recommendations of expert pathologists (SFP) and experts in endoscopic procedures (SFED) were also discussed in order to select appropriate measures to implement during the epidemic. A complete version, including the indications for pathology and endoscopy procedures (SFP), has been published on our TNCD website (see online: "http://www.snfge.org/download/file/fid/3784"). Lastly, a cohort project coordinated by Professor Astrid Lièvre will be started with the network of Cooperative Groups in Oncology in France (GCO).
The grading of recommendations includes 4 levels of evidence (A, B, C, agreement or expert opinion) (Table 1).
3. Results
1-Proposals of the French Pathology Society (SFP)
The amount of SARS-Cov-2 virus excreted in the stool may be high. The recommendations of the French Microbiology Society (SFM) concerning the management of samples specify that samples containing stools carry a high risk of contamination. Given the incubation time and the percentage of asymptomatic patients, all samples should be considered potentially infected.
A recent publication has shown that fixation in formalin can inactivate the SARS-Cov-2 virus [
[10]
]. The risk of toxicity linked to formalin exposure appears to be less serious than that linked to the handling of fresh, non-fixed tissue potentially carrying SARS-Cov-2.The French Society of Pathology (SFP) published on 18/03/2020 advice for the management of sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage based on the recommendations of the SFM but without specific advice on the management of fresh digestive surgery samples and fixation in formalin.
RECOMMENDATIONS
- •None
OPTIONS
- •It seems difficult to issue specific advice for the management of fresh colectomy or small intestine resection samples, except to work with gloves, glasses and mask (expert agreement)
- •There are not enough data to decide on the management of samples for immunofluorescence (expert agreement)
- •Some centers recommend fixing endoscopic or operative digestive samples immediately in formalin, with the exception of extemporaneous examinations and suspected lymphoma, sarcoma, tuberculosis (micro-biology), pediatric tumors or special protocols (contact with the reference pathology laboratory). (Expert opinion)
- •For digestive samples from a suspect or known COVID-19 patient, it is important to inform the pathology laboratory before sending the specimens (specific circuit) (expert agreement)
- •Management sheets for biological samples from COVID-19 suspected patients have been drawn up by the SFM. https://www.sfm-microbiologie.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Fiche-COVID19_V3_SFM.pdf (expert agreement)
2-Proposed therapeutic alternatives organ by organ
RECOMMENDATIONS
- •None
OPTIONS (see details in Table 2) (expert agreement)
- •Proposals must be interpreted according to the intensity of the epidemic and its impact on the organization of healthcare structures.
- •Therapeutic adjustments must be recorded or discussed during a multidisciplinary concertation meeting (MCM), which should include a small number of participants or use videoconference systems, if feasible.
- •Whenever possible, the patient should be informed of the increased risk of severe COVID-19 under chemotherapy.
- •The benefit/risk ratio must be taken into account when prescribing chemotherapy, and especially poly-chemotherapies.
- •Oral treatments are to be preferred so as to limit patients’ exposure in care centers, and tele-consultations should be preferred to physical consultations. The use of oral chemotherapy need to be considered case by case according to patients condition and compliance.
- •Whenever possible (lesions < 3 cm), particularly for HCC and liver metastases, percutaneous thermoablation is to be preferred (outpatient or 48-hour hospitalization without morbidity).
- •The postponement of the majority of complex surgeries (esophago, pancreatic or hepatic) with high morbidity must be proposed depending on the phase of the epidemic.
Table 2Proposed therapeutic adjustments by organ (* expert agreement / ** expert opinion).
| Organ | Oncologic situation | Proposals |
|---|---|---|
| Rectum locally advanced | Chemo-radiotherapy completed or in progress |
|
| Preoperative chemo radiotherapy planned |
| |
Special cases
| ||
| Colon localized | <T4 (symptomatic and non-symptomatic) |
|
Specific cases
|
| |
| Indication for adjuvant chemotherapy: stage III and stage II (T4b) |
| |
| Colorectal metastatic (1st and 2nd line) | Resectable |
|
| Potentially resectable |
| |
| Non resectable |
| |
| Colorectal metastatic under treatment | Non resectable |
|
| Colorectal Metastatic under treatment beyond 2nd line | Non resectable | |
| Pancreatic adenocarcinoma | Localized with proven histology |
|
| Postoperative |
| |
| Locally advanced |
| |
| Metastatic |
| |
| Intrahepatic Biliary tract | Resectable |
|
| Post-operative |
| |
| Non resectable or metastatic |
| |
| Eso-gastric | Localized (junction and stomach): Perioperative chemotherapy |
|
| Localized (esophagus): Preoperative chemo radiotherapy |
| |
| Metastatic |
| |
| Hepatocellular Carcinoma | Resectable |
|
| Non operable or metastatic |
| |
| Squamous cell Anal carcinoma | Localized with indication of chemoradiotherapy |
|
| Recurrence or metastatic |
| |
| Neuroendocrine Carcinoma | Resectable |
|
| Non Resectable |
| |
| Well Differentiated NET | Resectable |
|
| Non Resectable |
| |
| Surveillance |
| |
| GIST | Resectable |
|
| Post-operative Imatinib adjuvant treatment |
| |
| Locally advanced or Metastatic |
|
CLINICAL TRIAL
- •COVID-19 Cohort Project (FFCD-GCO) (Coordinator Pr. A Lièvre (Rennes))
3-Proposed adaptation of endoscopy activity (SFED recommendations)
The French Society of Digestive Endoscopy (SFED) has proposed an adaptation of digestive endoscopy procedures due to the COVID-19 epidemic (expert agreement)
The adaptation of endoscopic procedures in healthcare establishments has two objectives:
- 1)Strengthen and amplify all the resources of healthcare institutions in terms of anesthesia-resuscitation and medical care.
- 2)Facilitate the management of emergency cases of digestive disease (not linked to COVID-19) in order to minimize the loss of opportunity that a possible delay in diagnosis or treatment would engender.
A /Emergency situations:
In the digestive tract:
- •Upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
- •Severe lower gastrointestinal bleeding.
- •Caustic ingestion (in accordance with recommendations).
- •Sigmoid volvulus.
- •Gastrointestinal tract obstruction requiring endoscopic stent or percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy.
Bilio-pancreatic tract:
- •Cholangitis
- •Acute pancreatitis
- •Bile duct Obstruction
- •Necrosectomy
- •Abscess drainage
B / Indications for which the procedures will not be delayed:
- •Diagnosis and regional involvement (endoscopy, echo-endoscopy +/- fine-needle aspiration).
- •Positive fecal-immunochemical test (FIT test).
- •Iron deficiency anemia.
This list is not exhaustive but any endoscopy which can be postponed for a few weeks must be discussed in the interests of the patient.
4-Proposed adaptations for follow-up
For patients undergoing systemic treatment, the monitoring of marker kinetics has shown its clinical interest in patients with increased tumor markers at baseline, particularly for colon and metastatic pancreatic cancers [
[28]
,[29]
. In this exceptional situation of COVID-19, marker kinetics combined with remote clinical monitoring make it possible to postpone imaging examinations during the epidemic period.RECOMMENDATIONS
- •None
OPTIONS (expert opinion)
- •Postponement of imaging scheduled during the epidemic period.
- •Evaluation by clinical examination and tumor marker kinetics.
- •The particular case of patients treated for metastatic colorectal cancer with potentially resectable metastases justifies the maintenance of timely imaging examinations.
For patients in a post-therapeutic setting, an adaptation of the follow-up is required.
RECOMMENDATIONS
- •No reference
OPTIONS (expert agreement)
- •Postponement of consultations and imaging examinations until after the epidemic period.
4. Discussion
Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) is causing an emerging viral infectious disease that is currently spreading worldwide. Although limited clinical cancer-specific data are available, patients with cancer are regarded as having a high risk of CODIV-19-related death and the question of adapting diagnostic procedures, therapies and care strategies during the epidemic period has thus arisen. Moreover, in this particular context, in which hospitals are being submerged by incoming patients requiring intensive care, it is essential to preserve a functioning healthcare system. This situation is a major issue for all patients, whether infected with COVID-19 or not.
One of main questions is thus, how can we limit the risk of infection for cancer patients for a period of 2 to 3 months without excessively compromising the control of their cancer? In the current exceptional context, it is accepted in France that usual medical practices may be profoundly modified by the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on our healthcare system. The epidemic phenomenon is known to be composed of five stages. Stage 1 is the "calm before the storm" where non-emergency care is delayed, fewer patients turn up at emergency departments, and specific departments are ready to receive patients with COVID-19. Stage 2 is the peak, varying in intensity within the same country as was the case in China and Italy. The peak can be relatively well controlled in countries that have previously experienced similar situations, such as Korea or Japan, which anticipated and attenuated the peak by adopting preventive measures such as generalized mask wearing, barrier measures in social networks, massive testing and regular disinfection of public places. In contrast, Western countries appear to be less well prepared and when the capacity of the health system is exceeded, the epidemic peak has a major impact on care for other diseases. Next comes phase 3, known as the “plateau”, characterized by the continuous influx of infected patients, thereby neutralizing the healthcare system's ability to take care of other illnesses in accordance with current guidelines. The duration of phase 3 is logically linked to peak intensity as well as the availability of resources [
[5]
]. Phase 4 is the "the recession", the duration of which depends on the previous stages and their consequences on healthcare teams. Phase 5 is “the return back to normal situation”, and includes the management of newly diagnosed patients as well as patients whose care has been postponed during the previous phases. Each phase will affect therapeutic choices at every level from the standard of care to possible adaptation of strategies or even forced postponement. The goal of the present manuscript is to suggest adaptations of diagnostic procedures, therapies and care strategies, based on expert opinion, that can be proposed in patients treated in France for GI cancer during the epidemic period. The impact of COVID-19 on the adaptations of cancer strategies proposed here is not yet known and further modifications may become necessary in the light of future publications with higher levels of evidence.- Spinelli A.
- Pellino G.
COVID-19 pandemic: perspectives on an unfolding crisis.
Br J Surg. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.11627
5. Conclusion
COVID-19 is an exceptional epidemic phenomenon that affects all countries at every level: social, political, economic and healthcare. Considering the duration of COVID19 epidemic, strategies in cancer and in particular for GI tumor, will be need adapted in several patients. Taking into account that the adaptations proposed in this paper were based on a multidisciplinary overview and experts’ agreement, further studies are needed to clearly evaluate the impact of these adaptations during the COVID-19 epidemic period.
Conflict of interest
The Authors have no Conflict of interest in digestive oncology topics with COVID-19.
Acknowledgments
We thank the review committee: E. Baudin (Villejuif), J.-F. Blanc (Bordeaux), J.Y. Blay (Lyon), K. Boudjema (Rennes), G. Cadiot (Reims), E. Cotte (Lyon), L. de Mestier (Paris), M. Ducreux (Villejuif), S. Gaujoux (Paris), B. Guiu (Montpellier), O. Glehen (Lyon), F. Huguet (Paris), R. Kianmanesh (Reims), B. Landi (Paris), M. Lesurtel (Lyon), C. Lombard-Bohas (Lyon), C. Louvet (Paris), A. Marchal (Reims), P.Mariani (Paris), D. Malka (Villejuif), L. Moureau (Marseille), C. Neuzillet (Saint-Cloud), G. Piessen (Lille), JF Seitz (Marseille), J. Taieb (Paris), T. Walter (Lyon), A. Zaanan (Paris).
We thank the French cancer cooperative groups GCO
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Article info
Publication history
Published online: May 14, 2020
Accepted:
March 30,
2020
Received:
March 23,
2020
Identification
Copyright
© 2020 Editrice Gastroenterologica Italiana S.r.l. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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- Covid-19 and cancer patients: Choosing wisely is the keyDigestive and Liver DiseaseVol. 52Issue 6
- PreviewSince December 2019, after the initial outbreak of the Covid-19 infectious disease in Wuhan in the Chinese province of Hubei, there has been an increasing spread of the severe adult respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus worldwide and on 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) decreed a pandemic state.
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