Advertisement
Consensus| Volume 49, ISSUE 7, P731-741, July 2017

Download started.

Ok

Treatment of Hepatitis C virus infection in Italy: A consensus report from an expert panel

Published:April 13, 2017DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2017.03.027

      Abstract

      Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection remains one of the main causes of chronic liver disease worldwide. The advent of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) has significantly improved the course of patients with chronic HCV infection (CHC), due to the ability of these drugs to achieve high rates of sustained virological response (SVR). These exceedingly high rates of SVR and the excellent safety data have been confirmed in real life practice. Evolving guidelines have been issued by national and international scientific societies in accordance with the progression of clinical knowledge and the availability of new DAAs. These recommendations, however, may not be applied universally because of delays in drugs reimbursability in different countries and because some National Health Systems identify only patients with advanced disease as a treatment priority. Italy in this regard is a prototype about DAAs treatment of CHC patients.
      With the aim to assess the Italian treatment experience with DAAs and to respond to unmet needs in treatment optimization of antiviral therapy in specific settings of CHC patients, a group of Italian experts met in Stresa in February 2017. The summary of the considerations arising from this two-day meeting and some statements regarding a few open issues are reported in this position paper.

      Keywords

      To read this article in full you will need to make a payment

      Purchase one-time access:

      Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online access
      One-time access price info
      • For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
      • For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'

      Subscribe:

      Subscribe to Digestive and Liver Disease
      Already a print subscriber? Claim online access
      Already an online subscriber? Sign in
      Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect

      References

        • Webster D.P.
        • Klenerman P.
        • Dusheiko G.M.
        Hepatitis C.
        The Lancet. 2015; 385: 1124-1135
        • GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators
        Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.
        The Lancet. 2015; 385: 117-171
        • Alter M.J.
        Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection.
        World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2007; 13: 2436-2441
        • Messina J.P.
        • Humphreys I.
        • Flaxman A.
        • et al.
        Global distribution and prevalence of hepatitis C virus genotypes.
        Hepatology. 2015; 61: 77-87
        • van der Meer A.J.
        • Veldt B.J.
        • Feld J.J.
        • et al.
        Association between sustained virological response and all-cause mortality among patients with chronic hepatitis C and advanced hepatic fibrosis.
        JAMA. 2012; 308: 2584-2593
        • Deterding K.
        • Hoener zu Siederdissen C.
        • Port K.
        • et al.
        Improvement of liver function parameters in advanced HCV associated liver cirrhosis by IFN-free antiviral therapies.
        Alimentary Pharmacology Therapeutics. 2015; 42: 889-901
        • Jacobson I.M.
        • Asselah T.
        • Nahass R.
        • et al.
        A randomized phase 3 trial of Sofosbuvir/Velpatasvir/Voxilaprevir for 8 weeks compared to Sofosbuvir/Velpatasvir for 12 weeks in DAA-naïve genotype 1–6 HCV infected patients: the POLARIS-2 study.
        Hepatology. 2016; 64 ([Abstract LB12])
        • Zeuzem S.
        • Flamm S.L.
        • Tong M.
        • et al.
        A randomized, controlled, phase 3 trial of Sofosbuvir/Velpatasvir/Voxilaprevir or Sofosbuvir/Velpatasvir for 12 weeks in direct-acting antiviral-experienced patients with genotype 1–6 HCV infection: the POLARIS-4 study.
        Hepatology. 2016; 64 ([Abstract 109])
        • Zeuzem S.
        • Feld J.
        • Wang S.
        • et al.
        ENDURANCE-1: a phase 3 evaluation of the efficacy and safety of 8- versus 12-week treatment with Glecaprevir/Pibrentasvir (formerly ABT-493/ABT-530) in HCV genotype 1 infected patients with or without HIV-1 co-infection and without cirrhosis.
        Hepatology. 2016; 64 ([Abstract 253])
        • Asselah T.
        • Hezode
        • Zadeikis N.
        • et al.
        ENDURANCE-4: efficacy and safety of Glecaprevir/Pibrentasvir (Formerly ABT-493/ABT-530) treatment in patients with chronic HCV genotype 4, 5, or 6 infection.
        Hepatology. 2016; 64 ([Abstract 114])
        • Kowdley K.V.
        • Colombo M.
        • Zadeikis N.
        • et al.
        ENDURANCE-2: safety and efficacy of Glecaprevir/Pibrentasvir in hepatitis C virus genotype 2-infected patients without cirrhosis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
        Hepatology. 2016; ([Abstract 73]): 64
        • Wyles D.
        • Poordad F.
        • Wang S.
        • et al.
        SURVEYOR-II, part 3: efficacy and safety of Glecaprevir/Pibrentasvir (ABT-493/ABT-530) in patients with hepatitis C virus genotype 3 infection with prior treatment experience and/or cirrhosis.
        Hepatology. 2016; 64 ([Abstract 113])
        • Gane E.
        • Lawitz E.
        • Pugatch D.
        • et al.
        EXPEDITION-4: efficacy and safety of Glecaprevir/Pibrentasvir (ABT-493/ABT-530) in patients with renal impairment and chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1–6 infection.
        Hepatology. 2016; 64 ([Abstract LB11])
        • Lawitz E.
        • Yoshida E.M.
        • Buti M.
        • et al.
        Safety and efficacy of the fixed-dose combination regimen of MK-3682/Grazoprevir/MK-8408 (Ruzasvir) with or without ribavirin in non-cirrhotic or cirrhotic patients with chronic HCV GT1, 2 or 3 infection (Part B of C-CREST-1 & -2).
        Hepatology. 2016; 64 ([Abstract 110])
        • Wyles D.
        • Wedemeyer H.
        • Reddy K.R.
        • et al.
        Safety and efficacy of the fixed-dose combination regimen of MK-3682/Grazoprevir/MK-8408 (Ruzasvir) in cirrhotic or non-cirrhotic patients with chronic HCV GT1 infection who previously failed a direct-acting antiviral regimen (C-SURGE).
        Hepatology. 2016; 64 ([Abstract 193])
        • EASL
        Recommendations on treatment of hepatitis C.
        Journal of Hepatology. 2017; 66: 153-194
        • Sulkowski M.S.
        • Gardiner D.F.
        • Rodriguez-Torres M.
        • et al.
        Daclatasvir plus sofosbuvir for previously treated or untreated chronic HCV infection.
        New England Journal of Medicine. 2014; 370: 211-221
        • Poordad F.
        • Schiff E.R.
        • Vierling J.M.
        • et al.
        Daclatasvir with sofosbuvir and ribavirin for hepatitis C virus infection with advanced cirrhosis or post-liver transplantation recurrence.
        Hepatology. 2016; 63: 1493-1505
        • Zhou N.
        • Han Z.
        • Hartman-Neumann S.
        • et al.
        Characterization of NS5A polymorphisms and their impact on response rates in patients with HCV genotype 2 treated with daclatasvir-based regimens.
        Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2016; 71: 3495-3505
        • Mangia A.
        • Arleo A.
        • Copetti M.
        • et al.
        The combination of daclatasvir and sofosbuvir for curing genotype 2 patients who cannot tolerate ribavirin.
        Liver International. 2016; 36: 971-976
        • Cacciola I.
        • Petta S.
        • Distefano M.
        • et al.
        Efficacy of oral direct acting antivirals for treatment of advanced chronic hepatitis or compensated cirrhosis due to hepatitis C virus infection: the real-life experience of the Sicily registry.
        Digestive and Liver Disease. 2017; 49S ([OC-11]): e6
        • Feld J.J.
        • Jacobson I.M.
        • Hézode C.
        • et al.
        Sofosbuvir and Velpatasvir for HCV genotype 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 infection.
        New England Journal of Medicine. 2015; 373: 2599-2607
        • Foster G.R.
        • Afdhal N.
        • Roberts S.K.
        • et al.
        Sofosbuvir and Velpatasvir for HCV genotype 2 and 3 infection.
        New England Journal of Medicine. 2015; 373: 2608-2617
        • Tacke F.
        • Günther R.
        • Buggisch P.
        • et al.
        Treatment of HCV genotype 2 with sofosbuvir and ribavirin results in lower sustained virological response rates in real life than expected from clinical trials.
        Liver International. 2017; 37: 205-211
        • Welzel T.M.
        • Nelson D.R.
        • Morelli G.
        • et al.
        Effectiveness and safety of sofosbuvir plus ribavirin for the treatment of HCV genotype 2 infection: results of the real-world, clinical practice HCV-TARGET study.
        Gut. 2016; ([Epub ahead of print])
        • Curry M.P.
        • O’Leary J.G.
        • Bzowej N.
        • et al.
        Sofosbuvir and Velpatasvir for HCV in patients with decompensated cirrhosis.
        New England Journal of Medicine. 2015; 373: 2618-2628
        • Susser S.
        • Dietz J.
        • Barak M.
        • et al.
        Prevalence and clinical importance of hepatitis C virus genotype 2 K/1 B chimeras.
        Journal of Hepatology. 2016; 64: S136
        • Susser S.
        • Dietz J.
        • Vermehren J.
        • et al.
        European Ravs database: frequency and characteristics of Ravs in treatment-naïve and DAA-experienced patients.
        Journal of Hepatology. 2016; 64: S139
      1. AASLD/IDSA HCV Guidance Panel. Hepatitis C Guidance: AASLD-IDSA recommendations for testing, managing, and treating Hepatitis C [http://www.hcvguidelines.org].

        • Nelson D.R.
        • Cooper J.N.
        • Lalezari J.P.
        • et al.
        All-oral 12-week treatment with daclatasvir plus sofosbuvir in patients with hepatitis C virus genotype 3 infection: ALLY-3 phase III study.
        Hepatology. 2015; 61: 1127-1135
        • McPhee F.
        • Hernandez D.
        • Zhou N.
        • et al.
        Next-generation sequencing analysis of NS5A and NS5 B minor resistance-associated variants in patients with HCV genotype 3 infection who failed treatment with Daclatasvir plus Sofosbuvir.
        Journal of Hepatology. 2016; 64: S614-S615
        • Leroy V.
        • Angus P.
        • Bronowicki J.P.
        • et al.
        Daclatasvir, sofosbuvir, and ribavirin for hepatitis C virus genotype 3 and advanced liver disease: a randomized phase III study (ALLY-3+).
        Hepatology. 2016; 63: 1430-1441
        • Pasulo L.
        • Aghemo A.
        • Quirino T.
        • et al.
        Genotype 3 infection in DAA era: reports of a real life Northern Italy Network for viral hepatitis after 2 years by the start.
        Digestive and Liver Disease. 2017; 49S ([F-47]): e68
        • Pellicelli A.
        • Messina V.
        • Tarquini P.
        • et al.
        Daclatasvir/sofosbuvir and ribavirin 800 mg flat dose is highly efficacy and safe in genotype 3 compensated and decompensated cirrhotic patients: the CLEO experience.
        Digestive and Liver Disease. 2017; 49S ([F-39]): e64
        • Hézode C.
        • Lebray P.
        • De Ledinghen V.
        • et al.
        Daclatasvir plus sofosbuvir, with or without ribavirin, for hepatitis C virus genotype 3 in a French Early Access Programme.
        Liver International. 2017; ([Epub ahead of print])
        • Foster G.R.
        • Thompson A.J.
        • Ruane P.J.
        • et al.
        A randomized phase 3 trial of Sofosbuvir/Velpatasvir/Voxilaprevir for 8 weeks and Sofosbuvir/Velpatasvir for 12 weeks for patients with genotype 3 HCV infection and cirrhosis: the POLARIS-3 study.
        Hepatology. 2016; 64 ([Abstract 258])
        • Welzel T.M.
        • Petersen J.
        • Herzer K.
        • et al.
        Daclatasvir plus sofosbuvir, with or without ribavirin, achieved high sustained virological response rates in patients with HCV infection and advanced liver disease in a real-world cohort.
        Gut. 2016; 65: 1861-1870
        • Muir A.J.
        • Strasser S.
        • Wang S.
        • et al.
        High Svr rates with ABT-493 + ABT-530 co-administered for 8 weeks in non-cirrhotic patients with HCV genotype 3 infection.
        Journal of Hepatology. 2016; 64: S186
        • Foster G.R.
        • Gane E.
        • Asatryan A.
        • et al.
        Endurance-3: a phase 3, randomized, open-label, active-controlled study to compare efficacy and safety of ABT-493/ABT-530 to Sofosbuvir co-administered with Daclatasvir in adults with HCV genotype 3 infection.
        Journal of Hepatology. 2016; 64: S292
        • Bourlière M.
        • Gordon S.C.
        • Ramji A.
        • et al.
        Sofosbuvir/Velpatasvir/Voxilaprevir for 12 weeks as a salvage regimen in NA inhibitor-experienced patients with genotype 1–6 infection: the phase 3 POLARIS-1 study.
        Hepatology. 2016; 64 ([Abstract 194])
        • Aragri M.
        • Di Maio V.C.
        • Di Paolo D.
        • et al.
        In the era of new direct acting antiviral agents HCV sequencing allows the most accurate subtype and genotype assignment.
        Journal of Hepatology. 2016; 64: S419-S420
        • Di Maio V.C.
        • Cento V.
        • Lenci I.
        • et al.
        Multiclass HCV resistance to interferon-free direct acting antivirals regimens in real life failures advocates for tailored second-line therapies.
        Digestive and Liver Disease. 2017; 49S ([F-14]): e49-e50
        • Wyles D.
        • Pockros P.
        • Morelli G.
        • et al.
        Ledipasvir-sofosbuvir plus ribavirin for patients with genotype 1 hepatitis C virus previously treated in clinical trials of sofosbuvir regimens.
        Hepatology. 2015; 61: 1793-1797
        • Sullivan J.C.
        • De Meyer S.
        • Bartels D.J.
        • et al.
        Evolution of treatment-emergent resistant variants in telaprevir phase 3 clinical trials.
        Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2013; 57: 221-229
        • Afdhal N.
        • Reddy K.R.
        • Nelson D.R.
        • et al.
        Ledipasvir and sofosbuvir for previously treated HCV genotype 1 infection.
        New England Journal of Medicine. 2014; 370: 1483-1493
        • Dvory-Sobol H.
        • Wyles D.
        • Ouyang W.
        • et al.
        Long-term persistence of HCV NS5A variants after treatment with NS5A inhibitor ledipasvir.
        Journal of Hepatology. 2015; 62: S221
        • Lahser F.
        • Galloway A.
        • Hwang P.
        • et al.
        Interim analysis of a 3-year follow-up study of NA and NS3 resistance-associated variants (RAVs) after treatment with Grazoprevir-containing regimens in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.
        Hepatology. 2016; 64 ([Abstract 61])
        • Wyles D.
        • Dvory-Sobol H.
        • Svarovskaia E.S.
        • et al.
        Post-treatment resistance analysis of hepatitis C virus from phase II and III clinical trials of ledipasvir/sofosbuvir.
        Journal of Hepatology. 2016; ([Epub ahead of print]): 30699-30707
        • Poordad F.
        • Gordon S.C.
        • Asatryan A.
        • et al.
        High efficacy of ABT-493 and ABT-530 in HCV genotype 1-infected patients who have failed direct-acting antiviral-containing regimens: the MAGELLAN-1 study.
        Journal of Hepatology. 2016; 64: S160-S161
        • Ceccherini Silberstein F.
        • Di Maio V.C.
        • Aragri M.
        • et al.
        Hepatitis C virus gene sequencing as a tool for precise genotyping in the era of new direct antiviral agents.
        Hepatology. 2016; 63: 1058-1059
        • Kowdley K.V.
        • Gordon S.C.
        • Reddy K.R.
        • et al.
        Ledipasvir and sofosbuvir for 8 or 12 weeks for chronic HCV without cirrhosis.
        New England Journal of Medicine. 2014; 370: 1879-1888
        • Zeuzem S.
        • Ghalib R.
        • Reddy K.R.
        • et al.
        Grazoprevir-Elbasvir combination therapy for treatment-naive cirrhotic and non cirrhotic patients with chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1, 4, or 6 infection: a randomized trial.
        Annals of Internal Medicine. 2015; 163: 1-13
        • Kwo P.
        • Gane E.
        • Peng C.Y.
        • et al.
        Efficacy and safety of grazoprevir/elbasvir plus or minus RBV for 12 weeks in patients with HCV G1 or G4 infection who previously failed peginterferon/RBV: C-EDGE Treatment-Experienced trial.
        Journal of Hepatology. 2015; 62: S674-S675
        • Zeuzem S.
        • Mizokami M.
        • Planko S.
        • et al.
        NS5A resistance-associated substitutions in patients with genotype 1 hepatitis C virus: prevalence and effect on treatment outcome.
        Journal of Hepatology. 2017; ([Epub ahead of print])
        • Sarrazin C.
        • Dvory-Sobol H.
        • Svarovskaia E.S.
        • et al.
        Prevalence of resistance-associated substitutions in HCV NS5A, NS5B, or NS3 and outcomes of treatment with Ledipasvir and Sofosbuvir.
        Gastroenterology. 2016; 151: 501-512
        • Desnoyer A.
        • Pospai D.
        • Lê M.P.
        • et al.
        Pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy of a full dose sofosbuvir-based regimen given daily in hemodialysis patients with chronic hepatitis C.
        Journal of Hepatology. 2016; 65: 40-47
        • De Nicola S.
        • Aghemo A.
        The quest for safe and effective treatments of chronic hepatitis C in patients with kidney impairment.
        Liver International. 2016; 36: 791-793
        • Saxena V.
        • Koraishy F.M.
        • Sise M.E.
        • et al.
        Safety and efficacy of sofosbuvir-containing regimens in hepatitis C-infected patients with impaired renal function.
        Liver International. 2016; 36: 807-816
        • Pockros P.J.
        • Reddy K.R.
        • Mantry P.S.
        • et al.
        Efficacy of direct-acting antiviral combination for patients with hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection and severe renal impairment or end-stage renal disease.
        Gastroenterology. 2016; 150: 1590-1598
        • Gane E.J.
        • Solà R.
        • Cohen E.
        • et al.
        RUBY-II: efficacy and safety of a ribavirin-free Ombitasvir/Paritaprevir/Ritonavir ± Dasabuvir regimen in patients with severe renal impairment or end-stage renal disease and HCV genotypes 1a or 4 infection.
        Hepatology. 2016; 64 ([Abstract 935])
        • Roth D.
        • Nelson D.R.
        • Bruchfeld A.
        • et al.
        Grazoprevir plus elbasvir in treatment-naive and treatment-experienced patients with hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection and stage 4–5 chronic kidney disease (the C-SURFER study): a combination phase 3 study.
        The Lancet. 2015; 386: 1537-1545
        • Craxi A.
        • Perno C.F.
        • Viganò M.
        • et al.
        From current status to optimization of HCV treatment: recommendations from an expert panel.
        Digestive and Liver Disease. 2016; 48: 995-1005