Digestive and Liver Disease
Volume 42, Issue 9 , Pages 635-641 , September 2010

Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in evaluating hepatic metastases from neuroendocrine tumours

  • Sara Massironi

      Affiliations

    • Gastroenterology Unit II, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milano, Italy
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +39 02 55033445; fax: +39 02 55033644.
  • ,
  • Dario Conte

      Affiliations

    • Gastroenterology Unit II, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milano, Italy
    • Postgraduate School of Gastroenterology I, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
  • ,
  • Valentina Sciola

      Affiliations

    • Gastroenterology Unit II, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milano, Italy
    • Postgraduate School of Gastroenterology I, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
  • ,
  • Lorena Pirola

      Affiliations

    • Gastroenterology Unit II, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milano, Italy
    • Postgraduate School of Gastroenterology I, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
  • ,
  • Silvia Paggi

      Affiliations

    • Gastroenterology Unit II, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milano, Italy
  • ,
  • Mirella Fraquelli

      Affiliations

    • Gastroenterology Unit II, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milano, Italy
  • ,
  • Clorinda Ciafardini

      Affiliations

    • Gastroenterology Unit II, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milano, Italy
  • ,
  • Matilde P. Spampatti

      Affiliations

    • Gastroenterology Unit II, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milano, Italy
  • ,
  • Maddalena Peracchi

      Affiliations

    • Gastroenterology Unit II, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milano, Italy
    • Postgraduate School of Gastroenterology I, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy

Received 14 July 2009 ,Accepted 14 January 2010.

References 

  1. Yao JC, Hassan M, Phan A, et al. One hundred years after “carcinoid”: epidemiology of and prognostic factors for neuroendocrine tumors in 35,825 cases in the United States. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:3063–3072
  2. Modlin IM, Oberg K, Chung DC, et al. Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours. Lancet Oncol. 2008;9:61–72
  3. Delaunoit T, Neczyporenko F, Rubin J, et al. Medical management of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103:475–483
  4. Massironi S, Sciola V, Peracchi M, et al. Neuroendocrine tumors of the gastro-entero-pancreatic system. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14:5377–5384
  5. Metz DC, Jensen RT. Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors: pancreatic endocrine tumors. Gastroenterology. 2008;135:1469–1492
  6. Rindi G, D’Adda T, Froio E, et al. Prognostic factors in gastrointestinal endocrine tumors. Endocr Pathol. 2007;18:145–149
  7. Steinmüller T, Kianmanesh R, Falconi M, et al. Consensus guidelines for the management of patients with liver metastases from digestive (neuro)endocrine tumors: foregut, midgut, hindgut, and unknown primary. Neuroendocrinology. 2008;87:47–62
  8. Rockall AG, Reznek RH. Imaging of neuroendocrine tumours (CT/MR/US). Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;21:43–68
  9. Falconi M, Plockinger U, Kwekkeboom DJ, et al. Well-differentiated pancreatic nonfunctioning tumors/carcinoma. Neuroendocrinology. 2006;84:196–211
  10. Reznek RH. CT/MRI of neuroendocrine tumours. Cancer Imaging. 2006;6:S163–S177
  11. Bartolozzi C, Cioni D, Donati F, et al. Focal liver lesions: MR imaging-pathologic correlation. Eur Radiol. 2001;11:1374–1388
  12. Baron RL, Oliver JH, Dodd GD, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: evaluation with biphasic, contrast-enhanced, helical CT. Radiology. 1996;199:505–511
  13. von Herbay A, Westendorff J, Gregor M. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound with SonoVue®: differentiation between benign and malignant focal liver lesions in 317 patients. J Clin Ultrasound. 2010;38:1–9
  14. Quaia E, Calliada F, Bertolotto M, et al. Characterization of focal liver lesions with contrast-specific US modes and a sulfur hexafluoride-filled microbubble contrast agent: diagnostic performance and confidence. Radiology. 2004;232:420–430
  15. Morin SH, Lim AK, Cobbold JF, et al. Use of second generation contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the assessment of focal liver lesions. World J Gastroenterol. 2007;13:5963–5970
  16. Fulcher AS, Sterling RK. Hepatic neoplasms: computed tomography and magnetic resonance features. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2002;34:463–471
  17. Stafford-Johnson DB, Francis IR, Eckhauser FE, et al. Dual-phase helical CT of nonfunctioning islet cell tumors. Comput Assist Tomogr. 1998;22:335–339
  18. Van Hoe L, Gryspeerdt S, Marchal G, et al. Helical CT for the preoperative localization of islet cell tumors of the pancreas: value of arterial and parenchymal phase images. Am J Roentgenol. 1995;165:1437–1439
  19. Chung MJ, Choi BI, Han JK, et al. Functioning islet cell tumor of the pancreas. Localization with dynamic spiral CT. Acta Radiol. 1997;38:135–138
  20. Mörk H, Ignee A, Schuessler G, et al. Analysis of neuroendocrine tumour metastases in the liver using contrast enhanced ultrasonography. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2007;42:652–662
  21. Malagò R, D’Onofrio M, Zamboni GA, et al. Contrast-enhanced sonography of nonfunctioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Am J Roentgenol. 2009;192:424–430
  22. Dörffel Y, Wermke W. Neuroendocrine tumors: characterization with contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. Ultraschall Med. 2008;29:506–514
  23. Rickes S, Ocran KW, Gerstenhauer G, et al. Evaluation of diagnostic criteria for liver metastases of adenocarcinomas and neuroendocrine tumours at conventional ultrasound, unenhanced power Doppler sonography and echo-enhanced ultrasound. Dig Dis. 2004;22:81–86
  24. D’Onofrio M, Rozzanigo U, Masinielli BM, et al. Hypoechoic focal liver lesions: characterization with contrast enhanced ultrasonography. J Clin Ultrasound. 2005;33:164–172
  25. Hoeffel C, Job L, Ladam-Marcus V, et al. Detection of hepatic metastases from carcinoid tumor: prospective evaluation of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. Dig Dis Sci. 2009;54:2040–2046
  26. Solcia EKG, Klöppel G, Sobin LH. Histological typing of endocrine tumors. WHO international histological classification of tumors. 2nd ed.. Berlin: Springer; 2000;p. 56–70
  27. Rindi G, Klöppel G, Alhman H, et al. European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society (ENETS). TNM staging of foregut (neuro)endocrine tumors: a consensus proposal including a grading system. Virchows Arch. 2006;449:395–401
  28. Rindi G, Klöppel G, Couvelard A, et al. TNM staging of midgut and hindgut (neuro)endocrine tumors: a consensus proposal including a grading system. Virchows Arch. 2007;451:757–762
  29. Piscaglia F, Corradi F, Mancini M, et al. Real time contrast enhanced ultrasonography in detection of liver metastases from gastrointestinal cancer. BMC Cancer. 2007;7:171
  30. Claudon M, Cosgrove D, Albrecht T, et al. Guidelines and good clinical practice recommendations for contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS)—update 2008. Ultraschall Med. 2008;29:28–44
  31. Lencioni R, Della Pina C, Crocetti L, et al. Clinical management of focal liver lesions: the key role of real-time contrast-enhanced US. Eur Radiol. 2007;17(Suppl. 6):F73–F79
  32. Giorgio A, Ferraioli G, Tarantino L, et al. Contrast-enhanced sonographic appearance of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: comparison with contrast-enhanced helical CT appearance. Am J Roentgenol. 2004;183:1319–1326
  33. Schütte K, Bornschein J, Malfertheiner P. Hepatocellular carcinoma—epidemiological trends and risk factors. Dig Dis. 2009;27:80–92
  34. Mehta SR, Thomas EL, Bell JD, et al. Non-invasive means of measuring hepatic fat content. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14:3476–3483
  35. Jamali M, Chetty R. Predicting prognosis in gastroentero-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: an overview and the value of Ki-67 immunostaining. Endocr Pathol. 2008;19:282–288
  36. Arnold R, Wilke A, Rinke A, et al. Plasma chromogranin A as marker for survival in patients with metastatic endocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumors. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;6:820–827
  37. Albrecht T, Blomley M, Bolondi L, et al. Guidelines for the use of contrast agents in ultrasound. Ultraschall Med. 2004;25:249–256
  38. Steinmuller T, Kianmanesh R, Falconi M, et al. Consensus guidelines for the management of patients with liver metastases from digestive (neuro)endocrine tumors: foregut, midgut, hindgut, and unknown primary. Neuroendocrinology. 2008;87:47–62

PII: S1590-8658(10)00013-7

doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2010.01.009

Digestive and Liver Disease
Volume 42, Issue 9 , Pages 635-641 , September 2010