Digestive and Liver Disease
Volume 41, Issue 12 , Pages 854-862 , December 2009

Current and novel therapeutic options for irritable bowel syndrome management

  • M. Camilleri

      Affiliations

    • Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (CENTER), College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Charlton 8-110, 200 First St. S.W., Rochester, MN 55905, United States
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +1 507 266 2305.
    • ,
  • V. Andresen

      Affiliations

    • Israelitic Hospital, Hamburg, Germany

Received 9 July 2009 ,Accepted 13 July 2009.

References 

  1. Drossman DA, Li Z, Andruzzi E, et al. U.S. householder survey of functional gastrointestinal disorders. Prevalence, sociodemography, and health impact. Dig Dis Sci. 1993;38:1569–1580
  2. Cremonini F, Talley NJ. Irritable bowel syndrome: epidemiology, natural history, health care seeking and emerging risk factors. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2005;34:189–204
  3. Drossman DA, Camilleri M, Mayer EA, et al. AGA technical review on irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2002;123:2108–2131
  4. Camilleri M. Mechanisms in IBS: something old, something new, something borrowed. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2005;17:311–316
  5. Dunlop SP, Coleman NS, Blackshaw E, et al. Abnormalities of 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism in irritable bowel syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;3:349–357
  6. Bearcroft CP, Perrett D, Farthing MJ. Postprandial plasma 5-hydroxytryptamine in diarrhoea predominant irritable bowel syndrome: a pilot study. Gut. 1998;42:42–46
  7. Houghton LA, Atkinson W, Whitaker RP, et al. Increased platelet depleted plasma 5-hydroxytryptamine concentration following meal ingestion in symptomatic female subjects with diarrhoea predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Gut. 2003;52:663–670
  8. Roka R, Rosztoczy A, Leveque M, et al. A pilot study of fecal serine-protease activity: a pathophysiological factor in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;5:550–555
  9. Borman R. Serotonergic modulation and irritable bowel syndrome. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2001;6:57–68
  10. Spiller RC. Postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2003;124:1662–1671
  11. Spiller RC, Jenkins D, Thornley JP, et al. Increased rectal mucosal enteroendocrine cells, T lymphocytes, and increased gut permeability following acute Campylobacter enteritis and in post-dysenteric irritable bowel syndrome. Gut. 2000;47:804–811
  12. Spiller RC. Infection, immune function, and functional gut disorders. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;2:445–455
  13. Barbara G, Stanghellini V, De Giorgio R, et al. Activated mast cells in proximity to colonic nerves correlate with abdominal pain in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2004;126:693–702
  14. O’Mahony L, McCarthy J, Kelly P, et al. Lactobacillus and bifidobacterium in irritable bowel syndrome: symptom responses and relationship to cytokine profiles. Gastroenterology. 2005;128:541–551
  15. Aerssens J, Camilleri M, Talloen W, et al. Alterations in mucosal immunity identified in the colon of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;6:194–205
  16. Gershon MD. Review article: roles played by 5-hydroxytryptamine in the physiology of the bowel. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1999;13(Suppl. 2):15–30
  17. Gershon MD. Review article: serotonin receptors and transporters—roles in normal and abnormal gastrointestinal motility. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;20(Suppl. 7):3–14
  18. Hicks GA, Coldwell JR, Schindler M, et al. Excitation of rat colonic afferent fibres by 5-HT(3) receptors. J Physiol. 2002;544(Pt 3):861–869
  19. Camilleri M. Serotonin in the gastrointestinal tract. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2009;16:53–59
  20. Gershon MD. Plasticity in serotonin control mechanisms in the gut. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2003;3:600–607
  21. Coates MD, Mahoney CR, Linden DR, et al. Molecular defects in mucosal serotonin content and decreased serotonin reuptake transporter in ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2004;126:1657–1664
  22. Andrews C, Camilleri M, Bharucha AE, et al. Serotonin-transporter (SERT) polymorphism genotype and SERT expression in mucosal biopsies of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2006;130:A24;[abstract]
  23. Gunput MD. Review article: clinical pharmacology of alosetron. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1999;13(Suppl. 2):70–76
  24. Mayer EA, Berman S, Derbyshire SW, et al. The effect of the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, alosetron, on brain responses to visceral stimulation in irritable bowel syndrome patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002;16:1357–1366
  25. Andresen V, Montori VM, Keller J, et al. Effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) type 3 antagonists on symptom relief and constipation in nonconstipated irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;6:545–555
  26. El-Serag HB, Olden K, Bjorkman D. Health-related quality of life among persons with irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002;16:1171–1185
  27. Coleman NS, Marciani L, Blackshaw E, et al. Effect of a novel 5-HT3 receptor agonist MKC-733 on upper gastrointestinal motility in humans. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003;18:1039–1048
  28. Paterson WG, Ford D, Ganguli SC, et al. A novel, oral 5HT3 partial agonist, DDP733, improves overall response in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and constipation (IBS-C): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-ranging study. Gastroenterology. 2008;134:A546-A547;[abstract]
  29. Evans BW, Clark WK, Moore DJ, et al. Tegaserod for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome and chronic constipation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;CD003960
  30. Camilleri M, Vazquez-Roque MI, Burton D, et al. Pharmacodynamic effects of a novel prokinetic 5-HT receptor agonist, ATI-7505, in humans. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2007;19:30–38
  31. Bouras EP, Camilleri M, Burton DD, et al. Prucalopride accelerates gastrointestinal and colonic transit in patients with constipation without a rectal evacuation disorder. Gastroenterology. 2001;120:354–360
  32. Camilleri M, Kerstens R, Rykx A, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of prucalopride for severe chronic constipation. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2344–2354
  33. Tack J, Van Outryve M, Beyens G, et al. Prucalopride (Resolor(R) in the treatment of severe chronic constipation in patients dissatisfied with laxatives. Gut. 2008;[November 5, Epub ahead of print]
  34. Quigley EM, Vandeplassche L, Kerstens R, et al. Clinical trial: the efficacy, impact on quality of life, and safety and tolerability of prucalopride in severe chronic constipation—a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009;29:315–328
  35. Camilleri M, Kerstens R, Beyens G, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the safety and tolerability of prucalopride oral solution in constipated elderly patients living in a nursing facility. Gastroenterology. 2009;136(Suppl. 1):240
  36. Smith JA, Beattie DT, Marquess D, et al. The in vitro pharmacological profile of TD-5108, a selective 5-HT(4) receptor agonist with high intrinsic activity. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2008;378:125–137
  37. Beattie DT, Armstrong SR, Shaw JP, et al. The in vivo gastrointestinal activity of TD-5108, a selective 5-HT(4) receptor agonist with high intrinsic activity. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2008;378:139–147
  38. Camilleri M, Manini M, McKinzie S, et al. Dose-related effects of TD-5108, a selective 5-HT4 receptor agonist with high intrinsic activity, on gastrointestinal (GI) and colonic transit in healthy volunteers. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2008;20(Suppl. 2):6;[abstract]
  39. Goldberg MR, Li Y-P, Pitzer K, et al. TD-5108, a selective 5-HT4 agonist, is consistently better than placebo regardless of response definition in patients with chronic constipation. Gastroenterology. 2008;134:A 545
  40. Gorard DA, Libby GW, Farthing MJ. Influence of antidepressants on whole gut and orocaecal transit times in health and irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1994;8:159–166
  41. Tack J. A placebo controlled trial of buspirone, a fundus relaxing drug, in functional dyspepsia: effect on symptoms and gastric sensory and motor functions. Gastroenterology. 2000;116:G1423
  42. Chial HJ, Camilleri M, Ferber I, et al. Effects of venlafaxine, buspirone, and placebo on colonic sensorimotor functions in healthy humans. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003;1:211–218
  43. Vahedi H, Merat S, Rashidioon A, et al. Effect of fluoxetine in patients with pain and constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome: a double-blind randomized-controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;22:381–385
  44. Vahedi H, Merat S, Momtahen S, et al. Clinical trial: effect of amitriptyline in patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008;27:678–684
  45. Ford AC, Talley NJ, Schoenfeld PS, et al. Efficacy of antidepressants and psychological therapies in irritable bowel syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut. 2008;[November 10, Epub ahead of print]
  46. Bergmann M, Heddergott A, Schlosser T. Die therapie des colon irritabile mit trimaprimin (Herphonal)—Eine kontrollierte studie. Z Klin Med. 1991;46:1621–1628
  47. Goyal RK. Muscarinic receptor subtypes. Physiology and clinical implications. N Engl J Med. 1989;321:1022–1029
  48. Eglen RM. Muscarinic receptors and gastrointestinal tract smooth muscle function. Life Sci. 2001;68:2573–2578
  49. Ford AC, Talley NJ, Spiegel BM, et al. Effect of fibre, antispasmodics, and peppermint oil in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br Med J. 2008;[November 13, Epub ahead of print]
  50. Poynard T, Regimbeau C, Benhamou Y. Meta-analysis of smooth muscle relaxants in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2001;15:355–361
  51. Kobayashi S, Ikeda K, Suzuki M, et al. Effects of YM905, a novel muscarinic M3-receptor antagonist, on experimental models of bowel dysfunction in vivo. Jpn J Pharmacol. 2001;86:281–288
  52. Foote J, Glavind K, Kralidis G, et al. Treatment of overactive bladder in the older patient: pooled analysis of three phase III studies of darifenacin, an M3 selective receptor antagonist. Eur Urol. 2005;48:471–477
  53. Houghton LA, Rogers J, Whorwell PJ, et al. Zamifenacin (UK-76, 654) a potent gut M3 selective muscarinic antagonist, reduces colonic motor activity in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1997;11:561–568
  54. Bharucha AE, Camilleri M, Zinsmeister AR, et al. Adrenergic modulation of human colonic motor and sensory function. Am J Physiol. 1997;273(5 Pt 1):G997–1006
  55. Malcolm A, Phillips SF, Camilleri M, et al. Pharmacological modulation of rectal tone alters perception of distention in humans. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997;92:2073–2079
  56. Malcolm A, Camilleri M, Kost L, et al. Towards identifying optimal doses for alpha-2 adrenergic modulation of colonic and rectal motor and sensory function. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2000;14:783–793
  57. Camilleri M, Kim DY, McKinzie S, et al. A randomized, controlled exploratory study of clonidine in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003;1:111–121
  58. Lee KJ, Kim JH, Cho SW. Gabapentin reduces rectal mechanosensitivity and increases rectal compliance in patients with diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;22:981–988
  59. Houghton LA, Fell C, Whorwell PJ, et al. Effect of a second-generation alpha2delta ligand (pregabalin) on visceral sensation in hypersensitive patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gut. 2007;56:1218–1225
  60. Borody TJ, Quigley EM, Phillips SF, et al. Effects of morphine and atropine on motility and transit in the human ileum. Gastroenterology. 1985;89:562–570
  61. Steadman CJ, Phillips SF, Camilleri M, et al. Control of muscle tone in the human colon. Gut. 1992;33:541–546
  62. Lembo T, Naliboff BD, Matin K, et al. Irritable bowel syndrome patients show altered sensitivity to exogenous opioids. Pain. 2000;87:137–147
  63. Delvaux M, Louvel D, Lagier E, et al. The kappa agonist fedotozine relieves hypersensitivity to colonic distention in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 1999;116:38–45
  64. Delgado-Aros S, Chial HJ, Cremonini F, et al. Effects of asimadoline, a kappa-opioid agonist, on satiation and postprandial symptoms in health. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003;18:507–514
  65. Delvaux M, Beck A, Jacob J, et al. Effect of asimadoline, a kappa opioid agonist, on pain induced by colonic distension in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;20:237–246
  66. Szarka LA, Camilleri M, Burton D, et al. Efficacy of on-demand asimadoline, a peripheral kappa-opioid agonist, in females with irritable bowel syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;5:1268–1275
  67. Mangel AW, Bornstein JD, Hamm LR, et al. Clinical trial: asimadoline in the treatment of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008;28:239–249
  68. Wolff BG, Michelassi F, Gerkin TM, et al. Alvimopan, a novel, peripherally acting mu opioid antagonist: results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trial of major abdominal surgery and postoperative ileus. Ann Surg. 2004;240:728–734[discussion 734–5]
  69. Taguchi A, Sharma N, Saleem RM, et al. Selective postoperative inhibition of gastrointestinal opioid receptors. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:935–940
  70. Delaney CP, Weese JL, Hyman NH, et al. Phase III trial of alvimopan, a novel, peripherally acting, mu opioid antagonist, for postoperative ileus after major abdominal surgery. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48:1114–1125[discussion 1125–6; author reply 1127–9]
  71. Gonenne J, Camilleri M, Ferber I, et al. Effect of alvimopan and codeine on gastrointestinal transit: a randomized controlled study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;3:784–791
  72. Foxx-Orenstein AE, Camilleri M, Szarka LA, et al. Does co-administration of a non-selective opiate antagonist enhance acceleration of transit by a 5-HT4 agonist in constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome? A randomized controlled trial. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2007;19:821–830
  73. Yuan CS, Doshan H, Charney MR, et al. Tolerability, gut effects, and pharmacokinetics of methylnaltrexone following repeated intravenous administration in humans. J Clin Pharmacol. 2005;45:538–546
  74. Yuan CS, Foss JF, O’Connor M, et al. Methylnaltrexone for reversal of constipation due to chronic methadone use: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc. 2000;283:367–372
  75. Owens MJ, Nemeroff CB. Physiology and pharmacology of corticotropin-releasing factor. Pharmacol Rev. 1991;43:425–473
  76. Tache Y, Monnikes H, Bonaz B, et al. Role of CRF in stress-related alterations of gastric and colonic motor function. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1993;697:233–243
  77. Greenwood-Van Meerveld B, Johnson AC, Cochrane S, et al. Corticotropin-releasing factor 1 receptor-mediated mechanisms inhibit colonic hypersensitivity in rats. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2005;17:415–422
  78. Monnikes H, Schmidt BG, Tache Y. Psychological stress-induced accelerated colonic transit in rats involves hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor. Gastroenterology. 1993;104:716–723
  79. Sagami Y, Shimada Y, Tayama J, et al. Effect of a corticotropin releasing hormone receptor antagonist on colonic sensory and motor function in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gut. 2004;53:958–964
  80. Sweetser SR, Linker Nord SJ, Burton DD, et al. Effects of a novel corticotrophin releasing factor receptor-1 antagonist, BMS-562086, on gastrointestinal and colonic transit and bowel habits in patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (D-IBS). Gastroenterology. 2008;134:A 548
  81. Leventer SM, Kucharik RF, Keogh JC, et al. The potential of dextofisopam for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99:S 279
  82. Leventer SM, Raudibaugh K, Frissora CL, et al. Clinical trial: dextofisopam in the treatment of patients with diarrhoea-predominant or alternating irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008;27:197–206
  83. Storr M, Koppitz P, Sibaev A, et al. Melatonin reduces non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic relaxant neurotransmission by inhibition of nitric oxide synthase activity in the gastrointestinal tract of rodents in vitro. J Pineal Res. 2002;33:101–108
  84. Barajas-Lopez C, Peres AL, Espinosa-Luna R, et al. Melatonin modulates cholinergic transmission by blocking nicotinic channels in the guinea-pig submucous plexus. Eur J Pharmacol. 1996;312:319–325
  85. Storr M, Schusdziarra V, Allescher HD. Inhibition of small conductance K+-channels attenuated melatonin-induced relaxation of serotonin-contracted rat gastric fundus. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2000;78:799–806
  86. Lu WZ, Gwee KA, Moochhalla S, et al. Melatonin improves bowel symptoms in female patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;22:927–934
  87. Song GH, Leng PH, Gwee KA, et al. Melatonin improves abdominal pain in irritable bowel syndrome patients who have sleep disturbances: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study. Gut. 2005;54:1402–1407
  88. Walsh JH. Gastrointestinal hormones. In: Physiology of the gastrointestinal tract. 3rd ed.. New York: Raven; 1994;p. 49–67
  89. Chey WY, Jin HO, Lee MH, et al. Colonic motility abnormality in patients with irritable bowel syndrome exhibiting abdominal pain and diarrhea. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96:1499–1506
  90. Wank SA. Cholecystokinin receptors. Am J Physiol. 1995;269(5 Pt 1):G628–G646
  91. Fourmy D, Escrieut C, Archer E, et al. Structure of cholecystokinin receptor binding sites and mechanism of activation/inactivation by agonists/antagonists. Pharmacol Toxicol. 2002;91:313–320
  92. D’Amato M, Rovati LC. Cholecystokinin-A receptor antagonists: therapies for gastrointestinal disorders. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 1997;6:819–836
  93. Meyer BM, Werth BA, Beglinger C, et al. Role of cholecystokinin in regulation of gastrointestinal motor functions. Lancet. 1989;2:12–15
  94. Cann PA, Rovati LC, Smart HL, et al. Loxiglumide, a CCK-A antagonist, in irritable bowel syndrome. A pilot multicenter clinical study. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1994;713:449–450
  95. D’Amato M, Whorwell PJ, Thompson DG. The efficacy and safety of the CCKA-receptor antagonist dexloxiglumide in IBS. Gut. 1999;45(Suppl. V):A258
  96. Pharmabiz.com. Forest to discontinue development in U.S. of dexloxiglumide for irritable bowel syndrome. Pharmabiz.com 2004;October:http://www.pharmabiz.com/article/detnews.asp?articleid=18255&sectionid=14.
  97. Cremonini F, Camilleri M, McKinzie S, et al. Effect of CCK-1 antagonist, dexloxiglumide, in female patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a pharmacodynamic and pharmacogenomic study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100:652–663
  98. Whorwell PJ, Pace F, D’Amato M, et al. A phase III, 6-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized withdrawal trial of the selective CCK-1 antagonist dexloxiglumide in constipation-predominant IBS: the Darwin study. Gastroenterology. 2008;134:A-157;[abstract]
  99. O’Donnell LJ, Watson AJ, Cameron D, et al. Effect of octreotide on mouth-to-caecum transit time in healthy subjects and in the irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1990;4:177–181
  100. von der Ohe MR, Camilleri M, Thomforde GM, et al. Differential regional effects of octreotide on human gastrointestinal motor function. Gut. 1995;36:743–748
  101. Schwetz I, Naliboff B, Munakata J, et al. Anti-hyperalgesic effect of octreotide in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;19:123–131
  102. Bradette M, Delvaux M, Staumont G, et al. Octreotide increases thresholds of colonic visceral perception in IBS patients without modifying muscle tone. Dig Dis Sci. 1994;39:1171–1178
  103. Holzer P, Holzer-Petsche U. Tachykinins in the gut. Part I. Expression, release and motor function. Pharmacol Ther. 1997;73:173–217
  104. Moriarty D, Selve N, Baird AW, et al. Potent NK1 antagonism by SR-140333 reduces rat colonic secretory response to immunocyte activation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2001;280:C852–C858
  105. Onori L, Aggio A, Taddei G, et al. Contribution of NK(2) tachykinin receptors to propulsion in the rabbit distal colon. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2000;278:G137–G147
  106. Oh-Young L, Manakata J, Naliboff B. A double-blind, parallel group pilot study of the effects o CJ-11974 and placebo on perceptual and emotional responses to rectosigmoid distension in IBS patients. Gastroenterology. 2000;118:A 846
  107. Lordal M, Navalesi G, Theodorsson E, et al. A novel tachykinin NK2 receptor antagonist prevents motility-stimulating effects of neurokinin A in small intestine. Br J Pharmacol. 2001;134:215–223
  108. Houghton LA, Cremonini F, Camilleri M, et al. Effect of the NK3 receptor antagonist, talnetant, on rectal sensory function and compliance in healthy humans. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2007;19:732–743
  109. Dukes GE, Dewit OE, Sanger GJ, et al. Lack of effect of the NK3 receptor antagonist, talnetant SB223242 on symptoms of IBS: results of 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trials. Gastroenterology. 2007;132:A60
  110. Lubiprostone: RU 0211, SPI 0211. Drugs R D. 2005;6:245–258
  111. Camilleri M, Bharucha AE, Ueno R, et al. Effect of a selective chloride channel activator, lubiprostone, on gastrointestinal transit, gastric sensory and motor functions in healthy volunteers. Am J Physiol. 2006;290:G942–G947
  112. Johanson JF, Gargano AM, Holland PC, et al. Phase III, efficacy and safety of RU-0211 a novel chloride channel activator, for the treatment of constipation. Gastroenterology. 2003;124:A48
  113. Johanson JF, Gargano MA, Holland PC, et al. Phase III, randomized withdrawal study of RU-0211, a novel chloride channel activator for the treatment of constipation. Gastroenterology. 2004;126(4 Suppl. 2):A-100
  114. Johanson JF, Gargano M, Patchen M. Efficacy and safety of a novel compound, RU-0211, for the treatment of constipation. Gastroenterology. 2002;122(4 Suppl. 1):A-315
  115. Johanson JF, Drossman DA, Panas R, et al. Clinical trial: phase 2 study of lubiprostone for irritable bowel syndrome with constipation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008;27:685–696
  116. Drossman DA, Chey WD, Johanson JF, et al. Clinical trial: lubiprostone in patients with constipation-associated irritable bowel syndrome—results of two randomized, placebo-controlled studies. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009;29:329–341
  117. Currie MG, Fok KF, Kato J, et al. Guanylin: an endogenous activator of intestinal guanylate cyclase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1992;89:947–951
  118. Hamra FK, Forte LR, Eber SL, et al. Uroguanylin: structure and activity of a second endogenous peptide that stimulates intestinal guanylate cyclase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1993;90:10464–10468
  119. Giannella RA. Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxins, guanylins, and their receptors: what are they and what do they do?. J Lab Clin Med. 1995;125:173–181
  120. Forte LR. Guanylin regulatory peptides: structures, biological activities mediated by cyclic GMP and pathobiology. Regul Pept. 1999;81:25–39
  121. Currie MG, Kurtz C, Mahajan-Miklos S, et al. Effects of single dose administration of MD-1100 on safety, tolerability, exposure, and stool consistency in healthy subjects. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100:S-328;[abstract]
  122. Johnston JM, Kurtz CB, Drossman DA, et al. Pilot study on the effect of linaclotide in patients with chronic constipation. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:125–132
  123. Mangel AW, Chaturvedi P. Evaluation of crofelemer in the treatment of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome patients. Digestion. 2008;78:180–186
  124. Verdu EF, Collins SM. Irritable bowel syndrome and probiotics: from rationale to clinical use. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2005;21:697–701
  125. Moayyedi P, Ford AC, Talley NJ, et al. The efficacy of probiotics in the therapy of irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review. Gut. 2008;[online first, published on December 17]
  126. Pimentel M, Chow EJ, Lin HC. Normalization of lactulose breath testing correlates with symptom improvement in irritable bowel syndrome. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98:412–419
  127. Pimentel M, Park S, Mirocha J, et al. The effect of a nonabsorbed oral antibiotic (rifaximin) on the symptoms of the irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2006;145:557–563
  128. Lembo A, Zakko SF, Ferreira NL, et al. Rifaximin for treatment of diarrhea-associated irritable bowel syndrome: short-term treatment leading to long-term sustained response. Gastroenterology. 2008;134:A-545;[abstract]
  129. Leri O, Tubili S, De Rosa FG, et al. Management of diarrhoeic type of irritable bowel syndrome with exclusion diet and disodium cromoglycate. Inflammo-pharmacology. 1997;5:153–158
  130. Grazioli I, Melzi G, Balsamo V, et al. Food intolerance and irritable bowel syndrome of childhood: clinical efficacy of oral sodium cromoglycate and elimination diet. Minerva Pediatr. 1993;45:253–258
  131. Miehlke S, Madisch A, Bethke B, et al. Oral budesonide for maintenance treatment of collagenous colitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 2008;135:1510–1516
  132. Bonderup OK, Hansen JB, Teglbjaerg PS, et al. Long-term budesonide treatment of collagenous colitis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Gut. 2009;58:68–72
  133. Chande N, Macdonald JK, McDonald JW. Interventions for treating microscopic colitis: a Cochrane inflammatory bowel disease and functional bowel disorders review group systematic review of randomized trials. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:235–241
  134. Barbara G, Cremon C, Gargano L, et al. Mesalazine treatment for intestinal immune activation in patient with irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized controlled pilot trial. Gastroenterology. 2008;134:A-546;[abstract]

PII: S1590-8658(09)00300-4

doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2009.07.009

Digestive and Liver Disease
Volume 41, Issue 12 , Pages 854-862 , December 2009

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution